a. Gender: Male
Diagnosis
Bactyerial Cystitis
Older or debilitated females can have nonspecific urinary symptoms (such as chronic dysuria or urinary incontinence) that mimic symptoms of cystitis and are difficult to distinguish from them. In such cases, we check a urinalysis and urine culture and make the diagnosis of cystitis if pyuria and bacteriuria are present. Chronic nocturia, chronic incontinence, general malaise, and cloudy or malodorous urine are nonspecific findings that should not routinely prompt urine testing to evaluate for cystitis. (See 'Clinical suspicion and evaluation' above and 'Diagnosis' above.)
History or Physical Exam: urinary frequency, urinary urgency, and suprapubic pain, the diagnosis of cystitis can usually be made on clinical presentation alone without additional testing.