Endometriosis is when endometrium) grows outside the uterus.
This can cause pain, irregular bleeding, and infertility. The misplaced tissue can be found on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, the outer surface of the uterus, and other organs within the pelvis.
### Symptoms
- **Pelvic Pain:** Often associated with menstrual periods but can also occur at other times.
- **Menstrual Irregularities:** Heavy periods (menorrhagia) or bleeding between periods.
- **Pain with Intercourse:** Pain during or after sex is common.
- **Pain with Bowel Movements or Urination:** Typically occurring during menstrual periods.
- **Infertility:** Endometriosis is found in 20-40% of women who are infertile.
- **Other Symptoms:** Fatigue, diarrhea, constipation, bloating, and nausea, especially during menstrual periods.
### Causes
The exact cause of endometriosis is not known, but several theories exist:
- **Retrograde Menstruation:** Menstrual blood flows backward through the fallopian tubes into the pelvic cavity instead of leaving the body.
- **Embryonic Cell Transformation:** Hormones like estrogen may transform embryonic cells into endometrial-like cell implants during puberty.
- **Surgical Scars:** After surgeries such as hysterectomy or C-section, endometrial cells may attach to the surgical incision.
- **Immune System Disorders:** Issues with the immune system may make the body unable to recognize endometrial-like tissue growing outside the uterus.
### Diagnosis
- **Pelvic Exam:** A manual examination to feel for large cysts or scars.
- **Imaging Tests:** Ultrasound, MRI, or CT scans to identify cysts associated with endometriosis.
- **Laparoscopy:** A surgical procedure where a camera is inserted into the pelvis to directly see and possibly remove endometrial tissue.
### Treatment
- **Medications:** Pain relievers (NSAIDs), hormonal therapies (birth control pills, GnRH agonists, etc.).
- **Surgery:** To remove as much endometriosis as possible. This can range from minor procedures to extensive surgeries.
- **Lifestyle Changes:** Diet, exercise, and stress management can help manage symptoms.
Endometriosis can significantly impact the quality of life, but with appropriate management, many people find relief from their symptoms.