- Etiology
- Pathology
- Epidemiology
- Management & Treatment
- Prevention
- Complications
- Prognosis
- Research Frontier
- Clinical Case Studies
- Infection in the meibomian gland (internal hordeolum), often resolves into a chalazion (Figure 13-1).
- Infection in the Zeiss or Moll gland (external hordeolum) (Figures 13-2 and 13-3).
- Staphylococcus aureus is the causative agent in most cases.
A hordeolum is an acute painful infection of the glands of the eyelid, usually caused by bacteria.
Hordeola can be located on the internal or external eyelid. Internal hordeola that do not completely resolve become cysts called chalazia.
External hordeola are commonly known as styes.
- Infection in the meibomian gland (internal hordeolum), often resolves into a chalazion
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External hordeolum on upper lid with surrounding erythema. (Courtesy of Richard P. Usatine, MD.)
- Infection in the Zeiss or Moll gland (external hordeolum).
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External hordeolum with visible purulence and the normal contour of the eyelid is disrupted. (Courtesy of Richard P. Usatine, MD.)
- Staphylococcus aureus is the causative agent in most cases.
Hordeola can be located on the internal or external eyelid. Internal hordeola that do not completely resolve become cysts called chalazia. External hordeola are commonly known as styes.
Most people with pyelonephritis do not have complications if appropriately treated with bacteria-fighting medications called antibiotics.
In rare cases, pyelonephritis may cause permanent kidney scars, which can lead to chronic kidney disease, high blood pressure, and kidney failure. These problems usually occur in people with a structural problem in the urinary tract, kidney disease from other causes, or repeated episodes of pyelonephritis.
Infection in the kidneys may spread to the bloodstream—a serious condition called sepsis—though this is also uncommon.
Content 3
Content 13
A 35-year-old woman presented with a tender nodule on the upper eyelid along with crusting and erythema to both eyelids.
External hordeolum (black arrow) and an internal hordeolum (white arrow) ( Richard P. Usatine, MD.)
The upper eyelid had a large external hordeolum. When the lower eyelid was inverted, an internal hordeolum was also present. The physician recommended that she apply warm moist compresses to her eyelids 4 times a day. Her hordeola resolved within 7 days.
A
A 75-year-old triathlete complains of gradually worsening vision over the past year. It seems to be involving near and far vision. The patient has never required corrective lenses and has no significant medical history other than diet-controlled hypertension. He takes no regular medications. Physical examination is normal except for bilateral visual acuity of 20/100. There are no focal visual field defects and no redness of the eyes or eyelids. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
The correct answer is A. You answered A.
Age-related macular degeneration is a major cause of painless, gradual bilateral central visual loss. It occurs as nonexudative (dry) or exudative (wet) forms. Recent genetic data have shown an association with the alternative complement pathway gene for complement factor H. The mechanism link for that association is unknown. The nonexudative form is associated with retinal drusen that leads to retinal atrophy. Treatment with vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, and zinc may retard the visual loss. Exudative macular degeneration, which is less common, is caused by neovascular proliferation and leakage of choroidal blood vessels. Acute visual loss may occur because of bleeding. Exudative macular degeneration may be treated with intraocular injection of a vascular endothelial growth factor antagonist (bevacizumab or ranibizumab). Blepharitis is inflammation of the eyelids usually related to acne rosacea, seborrheic dermatitis, or staphylococcal infection. Diabetic retinopathy, now a leading cause of blindness in the United States, causes gradual bilateral visual loss in patients with long-standing diabetes. Retinal detachment is usually unilateral and causes visual loss and an afferent pupillary defect.
Mr. Jenson is a 40-year-old man with a congenital bicuspid aortic valve who you have been seeing for more than a decade. You obtain an echocardiogram every other year to follow the progression of his disease knowing that bicuspid valves often develop stenosis or regurgitation requiring replacement in middle age. Given his specific congenital abnormality, what other anatomic structure is important to follow on his biannual echocardiograms?
The correct answer is A. You answered A.
The answer is A. (Chap. 282) Bicuspid aortic valve is among the most common of congenital heart cardiac abnormalities. Valvular function is often normal in early life and thus may escape detection. Due to abnormal flow dynamics through the bicuspid aortic valve, the valve leaflets can become rigid and fibrosed, leading to either stenosis or regurgitation. However, pathology in patients with bicuspid aortic valve is not limited to the valve alone. The ascending aorta is often dilated, misnamed “poststenotic” dilatation; this is due to histologic abnormalities of the aortic media and may result in aortic dissection. It is important to screen specifically for aortopathy because dissection is a common cause of sudden death in these patients.